Citations

Learn more about creating citations and citation management software.

Creating Citations & Avoiding Plagiarism

What are citations?

Citations are addresses. They tell readers where to find a specific piece of research.

Think of a postal address. There are certain pieces of information that must be included and they must be presented in a certain order (format) so that a letter can find its destination. Postal addresses may vary slightly in different countries or regions, but in the end they all contain the same pieces of critical information. This can be compared to the slightly varied formats of different style guides for citations.

Citations provide basic information like author, title, publisher and year of publication that allow researchers to locate a particular piece of information.

Why are citations needed?

How to write citations?

Just like addresses, citations have a very specific format, and different academic disciplines may have slightly different ways that they format citations; adopting the format from one of several style-guides.

Please note: FoB uses APA-style citations and FoAD uses Chicago-style citations.

APA

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APA-style citations are outlined in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: the Official Guide to APA Style, but the basic format is as follows:

Surname of Author(s), Initial of first name of Author(s).(Year of Publication). Title (Edition No.). Publisher. URL
Basic Example
Maesse, J., Pühringer, S., Rossier, T., & Benz, P. (Eds.). (2021). Power and influence of economists: Contributions to the social studies of economics (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367817084
Further Examples

Chicago

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Chicago-style is outlined in The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), but the basic format consists of two parts:

  1. An in-text citation (Author-Date Format)
  2. A bibliography

Plagiarism

What is plagiarism?

Plagiarism means presenting someone else’s work, or your own previous work in the case of self-plagiarism, as your own. Plagiarism is intellectual theft and is regarded as academic misconduct.

Types of plagiarism

There are different types of plagiarism and all are serious violations of academic honesty.

  • Direct plagiarism: the word-for-word transcription of part of someone else’s work, without attribution and without quotation marks.
  • Mosaic Plagiarism occurs when a student borrows phrases from a source without using quotation marks, or finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original.
  • Self-plagiarism occurs when a student submits his or her own previous work, or mixes parts of previous works. 
  • Accidental plagiarism occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources or unintentionally paraphrases a source by using similar words, groups of words without attribution.

Avoiding plagiarism

Plagiarism can be committed unintentionally. Make sure you always provide proper source references so that others can see which ideas are those of other authors.

Providing proper source references also enables other people to check these sources.

Additional Resources

Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab)

The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University in the US has been online since 1995 and is one of the most comprehensive sources available regarding style and citation. Indeed, it often has more information than the actual style guides due to the large number of examples available.

Citation Generators

If you have the information about an article or book, you can use one of the tools below to put it in the right format.

Thanks to the following sources for providing partial inspiration/content for this page: University Library Groningen.

Citation Examples: APA

Overview

APA-style citations are outlined in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: the Official Guide to APA Style, but the basic format is as follows:

Surname of Author(s), Initial of first name of Author(s).(Year of Publication). Title (Edition No.). Publisher. URL
Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)

If you decide to incorporate generative AI tools into your work, it's crucial to carefully consider how you give credit to and cite the results generated by these tools in your content. Make sure to consult with your instructor before integrating AI into your coursework to ensure compliance with guidelines and expectations.

Note: For more information about using generative AI tools in your research, see Making the most of Generative AI (ChatGPT etc.).

Please note that guidelines for working with generative AI are both new and changing quickly. It's always a good idea to check the website of the style guide for the latest information.

APA: How to Cite ChatGPT Released April 7, 2023

When including AI-generated content in your academic work using APA style, treat it as a product of an algorithm. Attribute authorship to the organisation that developed the AI model (e.g., credit OpenAI for ChatGPT).

Guidelines for APA Style Referencing in Undergraduate Assignments:

  1. In-Text Citations and Reference List:

    • In-text citations are necessary for direct mentions of AI-generated content.
    • In the reference list, attribute authorship to the organisation behind the AI model.

  2. Integration into Research Description:

    • Explain the use of AI tools in your research in the introduction or methods section.
    • Provide details about the prompts used to interact with the AI.

  3. Handling Text Passages:

    • For brief AI-generated excerpts, incorporate them directly into your paper.
    • For longer responses, include relevant portions in the main text or direct readers to an appendix or online supplement for the complete content.

Following these guidelines ensures proper acknowledgment and referencing of AI-generated content in your academic writing.

Format

Author. (Date). Name of tool (Version of tool) [Large language model]. URL

In-text citation

(OpenAI, 2023)

Reference

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
Books

Book/eBook (single author)

Author. (Year). Title (Edition). Publisher. DOI or URL.

In-text citation

(Kuhlmann, 2021)

Reference

Kuhlmann, S. (2021). Public administration in germany. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8.
eBooks and DOIs

If a book has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), add this to the end of the reference. If the article does not have a DOI but does have an accessible URL, include this at the end of the reference instead. You can check to see if the book you are referencing has a DOI at Crossref.

Book/eBook (two authors)

For sources with two authors, include both surnames in your in-text citation and full reference, maintaining the source's name order:

In-text citation

(Smith & Johnson, 2015, p.8)

Reference

Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2015). Strategies for Effective Business Management. Business Press.

Book/eBook (three to twenty authors)

For sources with three to twenty authors, cite the first author followed by 'et al' in the in-text citation. List all authors in the full reference, separating them with commas and using an ampersand before the last one:

In-text citation

(Jones et al., 2019)

Reference

Jones, M., Davis, R., Clark, P., & Brown, S. (2019). Enhancing Leadership Skills in Business Education. Journal of Business Education, 12(3), 245-260.

Book/eBook (more than twenty authors)

For sources with more than twenty authors, include only the first author followed by 'et al' in the in-text citation. List the first 19 authors in the full reference, separated by commas, followed by an ellipsis (...) and the final author:

In-text citation

(Williams et al., 2020)

Reference

Williams, C., Adams, E., Turner, G., Harris, M., Miller, J., Moore, K., ...Taylor, R. (2020). Innovations in Business Research. Business Journal, 8, 112-125.
Book chapters

Chapter in an edited book

In-text citation

(Smith, 2020)

Reference

Smith, J. (2020). Innovations in Market Analysis. In K. Johnson & R. Anderson (Eds.), Business Trends: Navigating the Future (3rd ed., pp. 112-135). Horizon Publications.
Conferences

Conference Presentation

In-text citation

(Bird, 2019)

Reference

Bird, N. (2019, May 15-17). Strategies for Business Innovation: Exploring the Dynamics of Corporate Dispositions [Conference presentation]. BizInnovate 2019, Virtual Conference.
Data

If you are citing published data, for example if it appears in a book or journal article, cite the publication rather than the data itself. 

In-text citation

(ABC Business Summit, 2009)

Reference

ABC Business Summit. (2009). 2007 Business Insights Survey [Data file and code book]. ABC Publishing. http://abcbusinesssummit.org/datasets/
Journal articles

In-text citation

(Smith, 2022)

Reference

Smith, J. (2022). Innovations in Business Strategies. International Business Symposium, 5(2), 45-56. https://doi:10.1234/ibs2022/innovations
Online video

Format

Creator. (Date). Title. [Video]. Site name. URL.

In-text citation

(MadeUp Business Conference, 2020)

Reference

MadeUp Business Conference. (2020). The MadeUp Business Conference experience. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA
Webpage

Format

Corporate or individual author. (Date). Title. URL.

In-text citation

(Fictional Business Conference, 2021)

Reference

Fictional Business Conference. (2021, August 6). Updates on Business Innovations. https://www.fictionalbusinessconference.com/updates-business-innovations

Thanks to the following sources for providing partial inspiration/content for this page: University College London.

Citation Examples: Chicago

Chicago style refers to the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition (CMOS 17).

Citing sources in this style consists of two parts:

  1. An in-text citation
  2. A bibliography

The in-text citation points the reader to the full information about the source found in the bibliography at the end of the paper.

In-text Citations (Author-Date Format)

Basic Format

(Author Year, Page Number)

Detailed Examples and Cases

One Author

Include the author's last name and year, followed by a comma and the page number you are citing.

(Thelen 2004, 271)

"There is a consistently high correlation between the voting patterns of parents and the eventual voting patterns of their children, as demonstrated by Miller and Hastings" (Thelen 2004, 271).

Two Authors

Connect both authors' last names with "and," followed by the year, followed by a comma and the page number you are citing.

(Gourevitch and Shinn 2005, 59)

The Seattle Advertiser made some startling claims about interventions by corporate interests in the 2004 mayoral election (Gourevitch and Shinn 2005, 59).

Three Authors

List each author's last name separated with a comma, with "and" before the third author, followed by the year, followed by a comma and the page number you are citing.

(Boyd, Teale, and Takuma 1997, 13)
Four or More Authors

List the first author's last name, then include "et al." for "and others."

(de La Bédoyère et al. 2006, 101)

The theory that the Renaissance marked a radical break with previous history is now discounted by many, notably by Sadie Hawkins in her book The Myth of the Renaissance (de La Bédoyère et al. 2006, 101).

No Author or Date

List the title of the work in quotation marks and use "n.d." for "no date."

("Making the most of Generative AI," n.d.)
Two or More Authors with the Same Last Name

When the reference list has works by authors with the same last name, include their first initial in the in-text citation

(K. Thelen 2004)
Multiple Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

If an author has published multiple works in the same year, alphabetise the titles in the reference list and then add a, b, c, etc. to the year

(Sheringham 2010a)

(Sheringham 2010b)

Author's Name Appears in the Sentence

If the author's name appears in the sentence, do not include the name again in the parentheses.

Thelen (2004, 271) argues that institutional evolution is deeply rooted in historical contexts.

Multiple Citations

To cite more than one reference in a single in-text citation, separate the references by semicolons. If the works are by the same author, use just the year and separate with a comma. See CMOS 15.30 for details.

(Thelen 2004; Gourevitch and Shinn 2005)

(Thelen 2004, 2006; Gourevitch and Shinn 2005)
Figures
Artwork/Images

Images should appear shortly after you mention them in your paper, should be numbered (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.), and should appear in the List of Figures of your research.

Chicago style also states that "a brief statement of the source of an illustration, known as a credit line, is usually appropriate." (CMOS 3.29: Sources and permissions) Chicago style does not prescribe the exact format of this statement. The style does not require that images included in a paper be included in the reference list.

If you wish to include an image in your paper, BI requires at least the following information:

Additional data that add context, such as a caption, are encouraged.

Example

2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpeg
Figure 1. The Bauhaus building in Dessau, Gunnar Klack, Bauhaus Dessau, Gropiusallee Ecke Bauhausstraße, Dessau-Roßlau, Werkstättenflügel Foto aus Richtung Südosten, 2020, Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg. CC BY-SA 4.0. 

In the example above the following elements:

Figure 1. The Bauhaus building in Dessau, Gunnar Klack, Bauhaus Dessau, Gropiusallee Ecke Bauhausstraße, Dessau-Roßlau, Werkstättenflügel Foto aus Richtung Südosten, 2020, Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg. CC BY-SA 4.0.

correspond to:

Figure 1. Caption, Author/Creator, Title, Date, Publisher/website, URL. License.

Bibliography / References / Works-Cited

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)
If you decide to incorporate generative AI tools into your work, it's crucial to carefully consider how you give credit to and cite the results generated by these tools in your content. Make sure to consult with your instructor before integrating AI into your coursework to ensure compliance with guidelines and expectations.

Note: For more information about using generative AI tools in your research, see Making the most of Generative AI (ChatGPT etc.).

Please note that guidelines for working with generative AI are both new and changing quickly. It's always a good idea to check the website of the style guide for the latest information.

Chicago Manual of Style, Citing Content Developed or Generated by Artificial Intelligence, Released in spring 2023

In Chicago style, when citing AI-generated content, acknowledge the AI tool as the author. You can include a note or parenthetical citation without listing it in your bibliography. Currently, Chicago advises treating AI content like private conversations, as shareable links are not typically available. Mention the prompt details in the text or as a footnote, and use the date of content generation in your citation. Note that guidance may evolve with new AI features.

Format

Author, Title, Publisher, Date, url for the tool.

Example (if information about the prompt has been included within the text of your paper)

Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. 

Example (including information about the prompt)

ChatGPT, response to "Provide step by step instructions on how to build a house," OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. 
Books/eBooks

Book (single author)

Author’s Last name, First name. year of publication. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

Thelen, Kathleen. 2004. How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Book (two or three authors)

First author Last name, First name, and second author First name Last name. year of publication. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

Gourevitch, Peter, and James Shinn. 2005. Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Book (four or more authors)

First Author Last name, First name, remaining authors’ First name Last name. year of publication. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.

De la Bédoyère, Camilla, Ihor Holubizky, Julia Kelly, Michael Kerrigan, James Mackay, William Matar, Tom Middlemos, Michael Robinson, and Iain Zaczek. 2006. A Brief History of Art. London: Flame Tree Publishing.

eBooks

Author(s) Last name, First name. year of publication. Title: Subtitle, edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. url (if available)/database name/device/format.

Beaumont, Lesley A. 2012. Childhood in Ancient Athens: Iconography and Social History. London: Routledge. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucd/detail.action?docID=1114632.

Note: If a book is available in print and online you must cite the version of the book you consulted for your work. Access dates are only included if no publication date information is available. Also note that a place of publication may not be available for an e-book. If this is the case, write "n.p." ("no place") where you would have recorded the place of publication.

Note: If you access your book on an eReader or other type of platform, insert that instead of the url (e.g. Kindle, Google Play Books, Apple Books etc.).

Note: Where page numbers are not available or where they change depending on the device used to view the eBook, the CMOS, 17th Edition advises including chapter numbers or section headings instead. If a scanned version of an original book is available online to read, this version is preferable for citation.

Book chapters

Author(s) Last name, First name Initial(s). year of publication. “Title of chapter.” In Book Title, edited by First name Last name, Pages. Place of publication: Publisher.

Sheringham, Michael. 2010. “Archiving.” In Restless Cities, edited by Matthew Beaumont and Gregory Dart, 10-24. London: Verso.

Journal articles

Journal article (single author)

Author(s) Last name, First name. year of publication. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (month or season): pages.

Barber, Marcus. 2024. “Global Warming and the Political Ecology of Health: Emerging Crises and Systemic Solutions.” The Australian Journal of Anthropology 21, no. 3 (Winter): 390 – 391.

Journal article (two or three authors)

First Author Last name, First name, remaining authors First name Last name. year of publication. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (month or season): pages.

Morgan, Sylvia, Danny Carswell, and Lynda Lamore. 2010. “The Rise of Political Correctness in Post-War Britain.” Twentieth Century Britain 25, no. 3 (March): 412-416.

Journal article (more than three authors)

First Author(s) Last name, First name, remaining authors First name Last name. year of publication. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume, Issue no.(month or season): pages.

Virtue, Simon, Holly Wright, Dale Diamond, and Sheila Murphy. 1943. “Was Mark Twain a Nihilist?” American Literary Essays 3, no. 88 (Winter): 13-27.

eJournal article

Author(s) Last name, First name. year of publication. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (month or season): Pages. DOI/URL/Database name.

Mulvin, Lynda,  and Steven E. Sidebotham. 2004. "Roman Game Boards from Abu Sha'ar (Red Sea Coast, Egypt)." Antiquity 78, no. 301 (September): 602-617. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00113250.

Note: 17th edition of the CMOS advises to only include an access date if no publication date is provided. This is a change from the 16th edition.

Note: Month of publication only needs to be included where given in source citation.

Note: For more than three authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, list only the first author, followed by et al., (“and others”). For more than ten authors, list the first seven in the bibliography followed by et al.. List only the first author followed by et al., in the footnote. 

Artworks/Images

Note: The 17th Edition of the CMOS states that paintings, sculptures and photographs can normally be simply cited in the text, so long as full source details are given. A Bibliography entry is not a requirement. (CMOS 14.235: Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture)

Creator/Artist(s) Last name, First name. Title. date of creation/completion. Medium, Dimensions (dimensions conversion). Location of work. URL/Database name.

Gloag, Isobel. The Woman with the Puppets. 1915. Oil on canvas, 64.5 x 82.5 cm (25.39 x 32.48 in). Huge Lane Gallery, Dublin, Ireland. http://emuseum.pointblank.ie/online_catalogue/work-detail.php?objectid=619.

Webpage

Author Last name, First name. “Title of Web Page." Website name or Publishing organisation. Publication date or last modified date, year. Access date if no other date available. URL.

Hayden, Meadhbh. “My Tips for Swimming in the Irish Sea." SpunOut.ie. February 23, 2021. https://spunout.ie/voices/advice/my-tips-swimming-irish-sea.

Note: If no author is available, publishing organisation can be used instead. If neither are available, list the web page title first. Use the first word to choose where to place the reference in your alphabetical listing. Ignore articles such as “A”, “The” or “An” when choosing the location.

Note: Only provide an access date, if date published or last modified dates are unavailable.

Note: Publishing organisation does not need to be included if it is the same body as the website name/title/author, as in the case above.

Thanks to the following sources for providing partial inspiration/content for this page: Concordia University Chicago, Klinck Memorial Library and UCD Library - University College Dublin.

Citation Management Software

What is citation management software?

A reference manager supports researchers in performing three basic research steps: searching, storing, and writing [...]. It helps researchers find relevant literature, allows them to store papers and their bibliographic metadata in a personal database for later retrieval, and allows researchers to insert citations and references in a chosen citation style when writing a text.

Fenner, Martin, Kaja Scheliga, and Sönke Bartling. ‘Reference Management’. In Opening Science, edited by Sönke Bartling and Sascha Friesike, 125–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8_8.

Citation managers can save researchers a lot of time, as well as help to reduce mistakes and avoid plagiarism.

Zotero


Zotero_icon.png

Zotero is a popular free and open-source option among researchers that offers many features as well as extensions.

 

Using Zotero: A Sequenced Tutorial