# Citations # Creating Citations & Avoiding Plagiarism ### What are citations? **Citations are addresses.** They tell readers where to find a specific piece of research. Think of a postal address. There are certain pieces of information that must be included and they must be presented in a certain order (*format*) so that a letter can find its destination. Postal addresses may vary slightly in different countries or regions, but in the end they all contain the same pieces of critical information. This can be compared to the slightly varied formats of different style guides for citations. Citations provide basic information like ***author*, *title*, *publisher*** and ***year of publication*** that allow researchers to locate a particular piece of information. ### Why are citations needed? - When we use someone else's ideas, we use citations to tell others exactly where that idea came from (*attribution*). - Citations are critical for scholarly communication and knowledge creation because they allow researchers to trace the origins of and development of ideas over time (*communication*). - Citations lend credibility to research by situating it within a larger scholarly dialogue (*credibility*). ### How to write citations? Just like addresses, citations have a very specific format, and different academic disciplines may have slightly different ways that they format citations; adopting the format from one of several style-guides.
Please note: **FoB uses APA**-style citations and **FoAD uses Chicago**-style citations.
It is recommended to use **[Citation Management Software](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/citations/page/citation-management-software)** such as **Zotero** to store your sources and generate bibliographies.
--- #### APASurname of Author(s), Initial of first name of Author(s).(Year of Publication). *Title* (Edition No.)*.* Publisher*.* URL |
**Maesse, J., Pühringer, S., Rossier, T., & Benz, P. (Eds.). (2021). *Power and influence of economists: Contributions to the social studies of economics* (1st ed.). Routledge. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367817084](https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367817084)** |
It is recommended to use **[Citation Management Software](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/citations/page/citation-management-software)** such as **Zotero** to store your sources and generate bibliographies.
### Overview APA-style citations are outlined in the *[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: the Official Guide to APA Style](https://koha.berlin-international.de/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3240)*, but the basic format is as follows:Surname of Author(s), Initial of first name of Author(s).(Year of Publication). *Title* (Edition No.)*.* Publisher*.* URL |
**Note:** For more information about using generative AI tools in your research, see [Making the most of Generative AI (ChatGPT etc.)](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/how-to-search/page/making-the-most-of-generative-ai-chatgpt-etc).
Please note that guidelines for working with generative AI are both new and changing quickly. It's always a good idea to check the website of the style guide for the latest information.
[APA: How to Cite ChatGPT ](https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt)*Released April 7, 2023* When including AI-generated content in your academic work using APA style, treat it as a product of an algorithm. Attribute authorship to the organisation that developed the AI model (e.g., credit OpenAI for ChatGPT). Guidelines for APA Style Referencing in Undergraduate Assignments: 1. **In-Text Citations and Reference List:** - In-text citations are necessary for direct mentions of AI-generated content. - In the reference list, attribute authorship to the organisation behind the AI model. 2. **Integration into Research Description:** - Explain the use of AI tools in your research in the introduction or methods section. - Provide details about the prompts used to interact with the AI. 3. **Handling Text Passages:** - For brief AI-generated excerpts, incorporate them directly into your paper. - For longer responses, include relevant portions in the main text or direct readers to an appendix or online supplement for the complete content. Following these guidelines ensures proper acknowledgment and referencing of AI-generated content in your academic writing. **Format** Author. (Date). *Name of tool* (Version of tool) \[Large language model\]. URL **In-text citation**(OpenAI, 2023) |
OpenAI. (2023). *ChatGPT* (Mar 14 version) \[Large language model\]. [https://chat.openai.com/chat](https://chat.openai.com/chat) |
(Kuhlmann, 2021) |
Kuhlmann, S. (2021). *Public administration in germany*. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8. |
If a book has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), add this to the end of the reference. If the article does not have a DOI but does have an accessible URL, include this at the end of the reference instead. You can check to see if the book you are referencing has a DOI at [Crossref](https://search.crossref.org/).
(Smith & Johnson, 2015, p.8) |
Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2015). Strategies for Effective Business Management. Business Press. |
(Jones et al., 2019) |
Jones, M., Davis, R., Clark, P., & Brown, S. (2019). Enhancing Leadership Skills in Business Education. Journal of Business Education, 12(3), 245-260. |
(Williams et al., 2020) |
Williams, C., Adams, E., Turner, G., Harris, M., Miller, J., Moore, K., ...Taylor, R. (2020). Innovations in Business Research. Business Journal, 8, 112-125. |
(Smith, 2020) |
Smith, J. (2020). Innovations in Market Analysis. In K. Johnson & R. Anderson (Eds.), *Business Trends: Navigating the Future* (3rd ed., pp. 112-135). Horizon Publications. |
(Bird, 2019) |
Bird, N. (2019, May 15-17). Strategies for Business Innovation: Exploring the Dynamics of Corporate Dispositions \[Conference presentation\]. BizInnovate 2019, Virtual Conference. |
(MadeUp Business Conference, 2020) |
MadeUp Business Conference. (2020). The MadeUp Business Conference experience. \[Video\]. YouTube. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA) |
(Fictional Business Conference, 2021) |
Fictional Business Conference. (2021, August 6). Updates on Business Innovations. [https://www.fictionalbusinessconference.com/updates-business-innovations](https://www.fictionalbusinessconference.com/updates-business-innovations) |
It is recommended to use **[Citation Management Software](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/citations/page/citation-management-software)** such as **Zotero** to store your sources and generate bibliographies.
Chicago style refers to the *[Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition (CMOS 17)](https://library.berlin-international.de/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3779).* Citing sources in this style consists of two parts: 1. [**An in-text citation**](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/link/63#bkmrk-in-text-citations-%28a) 2. [**A bibliography**](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/link/63#bkmrk-bibliography-%2F-refer) The in-text citation points the reader to the full information about the source found in the bibliography at the end of the paper. ### In-text Citations (*Author-Date Format*) #### Basic Format **(Author Year, Page Number)** #### Detailed Examples and Cases**(Sheringham 2010a)** **(Sheringham 2010b)** |
**(Thelen 2004; Gourevitch and Shinn 2005)** **(Thelen 2004, 2006; Gourevitch and Shinn 2005)** |
[](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/2020-09-18-bauhaus-dessau-werkstattfluegel-ecke-2.jpeg) |
Figure 1. The Bauhaus building in Dessau, Gunnar Klack*, Bauhaus Dessau, Gropiusallee Ecke Bauhausstraße, Dessau-Roßlau, Werkstättenflügel Foto aus Richtung Südosten, *2020, Wikimedia Commons, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg). CC BY-SA 4.0. |
Figure 1. The Bauhaus building in Dessau, Gunnar Klack*, Bauhaus Dessau, Gropiusallee Ecke Bauhausstraße, Dessau-Roßlau, Werkstättenflügel Foto aus Richtung Südosten, *2020, Wikimedia Commons, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg). CC BY-SA 4.0. |
Figure 1. Caption, Author/Creator*, Title, *Date, Publisher/website, [URL](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg). License. |
**Note:** For more information about using generative AI tools in your research, see [Making the most of Generative AI (ChatGPT etc.)](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/how-to-search/page/making-the-most-of-generative-ai-chatgpt-etc).
Please note that guidelines for working with generative AI are both new and changing quickly. It's always a good idea to check the website of the style guide for the latest information.
--- [Chicago Manual of Style, Citing Content Developed or Generated by Artificial Intelligence](https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Documentation/faq0422.html), *Released in spring 2023* In Chicago style, when citing AI-generated content, **acknowledge the AI tool as the author**. You can include a note or parenthetical citation without listing it in your bibliography. Currently, Chicago advises treating AI content like private conversations, as shareable links are not typically available. Mention the prompt details in the text or as a footnote, and use the date of content generation in your citation. Note that guidance may evolve with new AI features. #### FormatAuthor, Title, Publisher, Date, url for the tool. |
Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. |
ChatGPT, response to "Provide step by step instructions on how to build a house," OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. |
Thelen, Kathleen. 2004. *How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany.* Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gourevitch, Peter, and James Shinn. 2005. *Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance.* New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
#### Book (four or more authors) First Author Last name, First name, remaining authors’ First name Last name. year of publication. *Title: Subtitle*. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.De la Bédoyère, Camilla, Ihor Holubizky, Julia Kelly, Michael Kerrigan, James Mackay, William Matar, Tom Middlemos, Michael Robinson, and Iain Zaczek. 2006. *A Brief History of Art.* London: Flame Tree Publishing.
#### eBooks Author(s) Last name, First name. year of publication. *Title: Subtitle*, edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. url (if available)/database name/device/format.Beaumont, Lesley A. 2012. *Childhood in Ancient Athens: Iconography and Social History*. London: Routledge. [https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucd/detail.action?docID=1114632](https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucd/detail.action?docID=1114632).
---**Note:** If a book is available in print and online you must cite the version of the book you consulted for your work. Access dates are only included if no publication date information is available. Also note that a place of publication may not be available for an e-book. If this is the case, write "n.p." ("no place") where you would have recorded the place of publication.
**Note:** If you access your book on an eReader or other type of platform, insert that instead of the url (e.g. Kindle, Google Play Books, Apple Books etc.).
**Note**: Where page numbers are not available or where they change depending on the device used to view the eBook, the CMOS, 17th Edition advises including chapter numbers or section headings instead. If a scanned version of an original book is available online to read, this version is preferable for citation.
Sheringham, Michael. 2010. “Archiving.” In *Restless Cities*, edited by Matthew Beaumont and Gregory Dart, 10-24. London: Verso.
Barber, Marcus. 2024. “Global Warming and the Political Ecology of Health: Emerging Crises and Systemic Solutions.” *The Australian Journal of Anthropology* 21, no. 3 (Winter): 390 – 391.
#### Journal article (two or three authors) First Author Last name, First name, remaining authors First name Last name. year of publication. “Title of Article.” *Journal Title* Volume, Issue no. (month or season): pages.Morgan, Sylvia, Danny Carswell, and Lynda Lamore. 2010. “The Rise of Political Correctness in Post-War Britain.” *Twentieth Century Britain* 25, no. 3 (March): 412-416.
#### Journal article (more than three authors) First Author(s) Last name, First name, remaining authors First name Last name. year of publication. “Title of Article.” *Journal Title* Volume, Issue no.(month or season): pages.Virtue, Simon, Holly Wright, Dale Diamond, and Sheila Murphy. 1943. “Was Mark Twain a Nihilist?” *American Literary Essays* 3, no. 88 (Winter): 13-27.
#### eJournal article Author(s) Last name, First name. year of publication. “Title of Article.” *Journal Title* Volume, Issue no. (month or season): Pages. DOI/URL/Database name.Mulvin, Lynda, and Steven E. Sidebotham. 2004. "Roman Game Boards from Abu Sha'ar (Red Sea Coast, Egypt)." *Antiquity* 78, no. 301 (September): 602-617. [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00113250](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00113250).
**Note:** 17th edition of the CMOS advises to only include an access date if no publication date is provided. This is a change from the 16th edition.
**Note:** Month of publication only needs to be included where given in source citation.
**Note:** For more than three authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, list only the first author, followed by et al., (“and others”). For more than ten authors, list the first seven in the bibliography followed by et al.. List only the first author followed by et al., in the footnote.
Note: The 17th Edition of the CMOS states that paintings, sculptures and photographs can normally be simply cited in the text, so long as full source details are given. **A Bibliography entry is not a requirement.** (*CMOS 14.235: Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture*)
Creator/Artist(s) Last name, First name. *Title*. date of creation/completion. Medium, Dimensions (dimensions conversion). Location of work. URL/Database name.Gloag, Isobel. *The Woman with the Puppets*. 1915. Oil on canvas, 64.5 x 82.5 cm (25.39 x 32.48 in). Huge Lane Gallery, Dublin, Ireland. [http://emuseum.pointblank.ie/online\_catalogue/work-detail.php?objectid=619](http://emuseum.pointblank.ie/online_catalogue/work-detail.php?objectid=619).
Hayden, Meadhbh. “My Tips for Swimming in the Irish Sea." SpunOut.ie. February 23, 2021. [https://spunout.ie/voices/advice/my-tips-swimming-irish-sea](https://spunout.ie/voices/advice/my-tips-swimming-irish-sea).
**Note:** If no author is available, publishing organisation can be used instead. If neither are available, list the web page title first. Use the first word to choose where to place the reference in your alphabetical listing. Ignore articles such as “A”, “The” or “An” when choosing the location.
**Note:** Only provide an access date, if date published or last modified dates are unavailable.
**Note:** Publishing organisation does not need to be included if it is the same body as the website name/title/author, as in the case above.
[](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/uploads/images/gallery/2022-03/zotero-icon.png) | [Zotero](https://www.zotero.org) is a popular free and open-source option among researchers that offers many features as well as extensions. ##### [Using Zotero: A Sequenced Tutorial](https://oakland.libguides.com/using_zotero/tutorial) |