# Citations

# Creating Citations & Avoiding Plagiarism

### What are citations?

**Citations are addresses.** They tell readers where to find a specific piece of research.

Think of a postal address. There are certain pieces of information that must be included and they must be presented in a certain order (*format*) so that a letter can find its destination. Postal addresses may vary slightly in different countries or regions, but in the end they all contain the same pieces of critical information. This can be compared to the slightly varied formats of different style guides for citations.

Citations provide basic information like ***author*, *title*, *publisher*** and ***year of publication*** that allow researchers to locate a particular piece of information.

### Why are citations needed?

- When we use someone else's ideas, we use citations to tell others exactly where that idea came from (*attribution*).
- Citations are critical for scholarly communication and knowledge creation because they allow researchers to trace the origins of and development of ideas over time (*communication*).
- Citations lend credibility to research by situating it within a larger scholarly dialogue (*credibility*).

### How to write citations?

Just like addresses, citations have a very specific format, and different academic disciplines may have slightly different ways that they format citations; adopting the format from one of several style-guides.

<p class="callout info">Please note: **FoB uses APA**-style citations and **FoAD uses Chicago**-style citations.</p>

<p class="callout warning align-left">It is recommended to use **[Citation Management Software](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/citations/page/citation-management-software)** such as **Zotero** to store your sources and generate bibliographies.</p>

---

#### APA

<details id="bkmrk-read-more-apa-style-"><summary>Read more</summary>

APA-style citations are outlined in the *[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: the Official Guide to APA Style](https://koha.berlin-international.de/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3240)*, but the basic format is as follows:

<table border="1" id="bkmrk-surname-of-author%28s%29" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; background-color: #000000;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8765%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Surname of Author(s), Initial of first name of Author(s).(Year of Publication). *Title* (Edition No.)*.* Publisher*.* URL</span></td></tr></tbody></table>

##### Basic Example

<table border="1" id="bkmrk-maesse%2C-j.%2C-p%C3%BChringe" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8765%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>**Maesse, J., Pühringer, S., Rossier, T., &amp; Benz, P. (Eds.). (2021). *Power and influence of economists: Contributions to the social studies of economics* (1st ed.). Routledge. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367817084](https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367817084)**</td></tr></tbody></table>

##### [Further Examples](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/citations/page/citation-examples-apa)

</details>---

#### Chicago

<details id="bkmrk-read-more-chicago-st"><summary>Read more</summary>

Chicago-style is outlined in [*The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)*](https://library.berlin-international.de/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3779), but the basic format consists of two parts:

1. [**An in-text citation (Author-Date Format)**](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/link/63#bkmrk-in-text-citations-%28a)
2. [**A bibliography**](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/link/63#bkmrk-bibliography-%2F-refer)

</details>### Plagiarism  


#### What is plagiarism?

Plagiarism means presenting someone else’s work, or your own previous work in the case of self-plagiarism, as your own. Plagiarism is intellectual theft and is regarded as academic misconduct.

##### Types of plagiarism

<div id="bkmrk-there-are-different-" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="s-lib-box-content pad-left-none pad-right-none"><div class="  clearfix" id="bkmrk-there-are-different--0"><article><section class="content">There are different types of plagiarism and all are serious violations of academic honesty.

- **Direct plagiarism:** the word-for-word transcription of part of someone else’s work, without attribution and without quotation marks.
- **Mosaic Plagiarism** occurs when a student borrows phrases from a source without using quotation marks, or finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original.
- **Self-plagiarism** occurs when a student submits his or her own previous work, or mixes parts of previous works.
- **Accidental plagiarism** occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources or unintentionally paraphrases a source by using similar words, groups of words without attribution.

#### Avoiding plagiarism

Plagiarism can be committed unintentionally. Make sure you always provide proper source references so that others can see which ideas are those of other authors.

Providing proper source references also enables other people to check these sources.

<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" height="314" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Pmab92ghG0M" width="560"></iframe>

<div id="bkmrk--3"><div class="s-lib-box-content pad-left-none pad-right-none"><div class="  clearfix" id="bkmrk--4"></div></div></div></section></article></div></div></div>---

#### Additional Resources

[Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab)](https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html)

The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University in the US has been online since 1995 and is one of the most comprehensive sources available regarding style and citation. Indeed, it often has more information than the actual style guides due to the large number of examples available.

##### Citation Generators

If you have the information about an article or book, you can use one of the tools below to put it in the right format.

<div class="  clearfix" id="bkmrk--2" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="" id="bkmrk-zoterobib-a-tool-for" style="text-align: justify;">- <div class="" id="bkmrk-zoterobib-a-tool-for-1">[ZoteroBib](https://zbib.org/)<div class="s-lg-link-desc" id="bkmrk-a-tool-for-the-quick">A tool for the quick generation of a citation using a URL, DOI, ISBN, arXiv ID, PMID, or title.</div><div class="s-lg-link-desc">  
    </div></div>
- <div class="" id="bkmrk-knightcite-a-tool-fr">[KnightCite](http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php)<div class="s-lg-link-desc" id="bkmrk-a-tool-from-calvin-c">A tool from Calvin College's Hekman Library. Choose from MLA, APA, &amp; Chicago citation styles.  
    </div><div class="s-lg-link-desc">  
    </div></div>
- <div class="" id="bkmrk-citation-builder-ano" style="text-align: justify;">[Citation Builder](http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/citationbuilder/)<div class="s-lg-link-desc" id="bkmrk-another-library-crea" style="text-align: justify;">Another library created tool - this time from NC State University Libraries. It has is the most simplified of the tools - choose the type of resource you have, fill out the information, and then select either APA or MLA citation style. Click Submit. It is ready to copy &amp; paste.</div></div>

</div>---

<sub>Thanks to the following sources for providing partial inspiration/content for this page: [University Library Groningen.](http://libguides.rug.nl/)</sub>

# Citation Examples: APA

<p class="callout warning">It is recommended to use **[Citation Management Software](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/citations/page/citation-management-software)** such as **Zotero** to store your sources and generate bibliographies.</p>

### Overview

APA-style citations are outlined in the *[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: the Official Guide to APA Style](https://koha.berlin-international.de/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3240)*, but the basic format is as follows:

<table border="1" id="bkmrk-surname-of-author%28s%29" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; border-width: 1px; background-color: #000000;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8765%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Surname of Author(s), Initial of first name of Author(s).(Year of Publication). *Title* (Edition No.)*.* Publisher*.* URL</span></td></tr></tbody></table>

---

<details id="bkmrk-read-more-if-you-dec"><summary>Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)</summary>

If you decide to incorporate generative AI tools into your work, it's crucial to carefully consider how you give credit to and cite the results generated by these tools in your content. **Make sure to consult with your instructor before integrating AI into your coursework to ensure compliance with guidelines and expectations.**

<p class="callout info">**Note:** For more information about using generative AI tools in your research, see [Making the most of Generative AI (ChatGPT etc.)](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/how-to-search/page/making-the-most-of-generative-ai-chatgpt-etc).</p>

<p class="callout warning">Please note that guidelines for working with generative AI are both new and changing quickly. It's always a good idea to check the website of the style guide for the latest information.</p>

[APA: How to Cite ChatGPT ](https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt)*Released April 7, 2023*

When including AI-generated content in your academic work using APA style, treat it as a product of an algorithm. Attribute authorship to the organisation that developed the AI model (e.g., credit OpenAI for ChatGPT).

Guidelines for APA Style Referencing in Undergraduate Assignments:

1. **In-Text Citations and Reference List:**
    
    
    - In-text citations are necessary for direct mentions of AI-generated content.
    - In the reference list, attribute authorship to the organisation behind the AI model.
2. **Integration into Research Description:**
    
    
    - Explain the use of AI tools in your research in the introduction or methods section.
    - Provide details about the prompts used to interact with the AI.
3. **Handling Text Passages:**
    
    
    - For brief AI-generated excerpts, incorporate them directly into your paper.
    - For longer responses, include relevant portions in the main text or direct readers to an appendix or online supplement for the complete content.

Following these guidelines ensures proper acknowledgment and referencing of AI-generated content in your academic writing.

**Format**

Author. (Date). *Name of tool* (Version of tool) \[Large language model\]. URL

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(OpenAI, 2023)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>OpenAI. (2023). *ChatGPT* (Mar 14 version) \[Large language model\]. [https://chat.openai.com/chat](https://chat.openai.com/chat)</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-book%2Febook-%28s"><summary>Books</summary>

#### Book/eBook (single author)

Author. (Year). *Title* (Edition). Publisher. DOI or URL.

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Kuhlmann, 2021)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Kuhlmann, S. (2021). *Public administration in germany*. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8.</td></tr></tbody></table>

##### eBooks and DOIs

<p class="callout info">If a book has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), add this to the end of the reference. If the article does not have a DOI but does have an accessible URL, include this at the end of the reference instead. You can check to see if the book you are referencing has a DOI at [Crossref](https://search.crossref.org/).</p>

<div id="bkmrk--1"><div class="s-lib-box-content"><div class="  clearfix" id="bkmrk--2"></div></div></div>#### Book/eBook (two authors)

For sources with two authors, include both surnames in your in-text citation and full reference, maintaining the source's name order:

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Smith &amp; Johnson, 2015, p.8)

</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Smith, A., &amp; Johnson, B. (2015). Strategies for Effective Business Management. Business Press.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Book/eBook (three to twenty authors)

For sources with three to twenty authors, cite the first author followed by 'et al' in the in-text citation. List all authors in the full reference, separating them with commas and using an ampersand before the last one:

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Jones et al., 2019)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Jones, M., Davis, R., Clark, P., &amp; Brown, S. (2019). Enhancing Leadership Skills in Business Education. Journal of Business Education, 12(3), 245-260.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Book/eBook (more than twenty authors)

For sources with more than twenty authors, include only the first author followed by 'et al' in the in-text citation. List the first 19 authors in the full reference, separated by commas, followed by an ellipsis (...) and the final author:

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Williams et al., 2020)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Williams, C., Adams, E., Turner, G., Harris, M., Miller, J., Moore, K., ...Taylor, R. (2020). Innovations in Business Research. Business Journal, 8, 112-125.</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-chapter-in-an"><summary>Book chapters</summary>

#### Chapter in an edited book

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Smith, 2020)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Smith, J. (2020). Innovations in Market Analysis. In K. Johnson &amp; R. Anderson (Eds.), *Business Trends: Navigating the Future* (3rd ed., pp. 112-135). Horizon Publications.</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-conference-pr"><summary>Conferences</summary>

#### Conference Presentation

- Author of paper.
- Year of publication in citation, and full dates of the conference in the reference.
- Title of presentation in italics, with description of presentation type in square brackets.
- Name of conference.
- Location.
- If a link to the video of the presentation is available, add this to the end of the reference.

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Bird, 2019)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Bird, N. (2019, May 15-17). Strategies for Business Innovation: Exploring the Dynamics of Corporate Dispositions \[Conference presentation\]. BizInnovate 2019, Virtual Conference.</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-author%2Frights"><summary>Data</summary>

- Author/Rights Holder.
- Year of publication.
- Title of dataset in italics.
- (Version number) and separate with a semi-colon.
- \[Description of form, e.g. Data set or Data set and code book\].
- Publisher.
- URL if available.

If you are citing published data, for example if it appears in a book or journal article, cite the publication rather than the data itself.

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(ABC Business Summit, 2009)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>ABC Business Summit. (2009). 2007 Business Insights Survey \[Data file and code book\]. ABC Publishing. [http://abcbusinesssummit.org/datasets/](http://abcbusinesssummit.org/datasets/)</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-author-%28surna"><summary>Journal articles</summary>

- Author (surname followed by initials).
- Year of publication (in round brackets).
- Title of article.
- Title of journal (in italics - capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for).
- Volume number (in italics) and, where applicable, part number, month, or season (in round brackets).
- Page numbers.
- DOI

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Smith, 2022)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Smith, J. (2022). Innovations in Business Strategies. International Business Symposium, 5(2), 45-56. [https://doi:10.1234/ibs2022/innovations](https://doi:10.1234)</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-creator.-year"><summary>Online video</summary>

**Format**

Creator. (Date). *Title*. \[Video\]. Site name. URL.

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(MadeUp Business Conference, 2020)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>MadeUp Business Conference. (2020). The MadeUp Business Conference experience. \[Video\]. YouTube. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA)</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-corporate-or-"><summary>Webpage</summary>

**Format**

Corporate or individual author. (Date). *Title*. URL.

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Fictional Business Conference, 2021)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.028%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Fictional Business Conference. (2021, August 6). Updates on Business Innovations. [https://www.fictionalbusinessconference.com/updates-business-innovations](https://www.fictionalbusinessconference.com/updates-business-innovations)</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details>---

<sup>Thanks to the following sources for providing partial inspiration/content for this page: [University College London](https://library-guides.ucl.ac.uk/APA/7th-edition).</sup>

# Citation Examples: Chicago

<p class="callout warning">It is recommended to use **[Citation Management Software](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/citations/page/citation-management-software)** such as **Zotero** to store your sources and generate bibliographies.</p>

Chicago style refers to the *[Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition (CMOS 17)](https://library.berlin-international.de/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3779).*

Citing sources in this style consists of two parts:

1. [**An in-text citation**](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/link/63#bkmrk-in-text-citations-%28a)
2. [**A bibliography**](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/link/63#bkmrk-bibliography-%2F-refer)

The in-text citation points the reader to the full information about the source found in the bibliography at the end of the paper.

### <span class="">In-text Citations (*Author-Date Format*)</span>

#### <span class="">Basic Format</span>

**<span class="">(Author Year, Page Number)</span>**

#### <span class="">Detailed Examples and Cases</span>

<details id="bkmrk-one-author-include-t"><summary>One Author</summary>

Include the author's last name and year, followed by a comma and the page number you are citing.

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9738%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>**(Thelen 2004, 271)**</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p class="callout success">**"There is a consistently high correlation between the voting patterns of parents and the eventual voting patterns of their children, as demonstrated by Miller and Hastings" (Thelen 2004, 271).**</p>

</details><details id="bkmrk-two-authors-connect-"><summary>Two Authors</summary>

Connect both authors' last names with "and," followed by the year, followed by a comma and the page number you are citing.

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9738%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>**(Gourevitch and Shinn 2005, 59)**</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p class="callout success">**The *Seattle Advertiser* made some startling claims about interventions by corporate interests in the 2004 mayoral election (Gourevitch and Shinn 2005, 59).**</p>

</details><details id="bkmrk-three-authors-list-e"><summary>Three Authors</summary>

List each author's last name separated with a comma, with "and" before the third author, followed by the year, followed by a comma and the page number you are citing.

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>**(Boyd, Teale, and Takuma 1997, 13)**</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-four-or-more-authors"><summary>Four or More Authors</summary>

List the first author's last name, then include "et al." for "and others."

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>**(de La Bédoyère et al. 2006, 101)**</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p class="callout success">**The theory that the Renaissance marked a radical break with previous history is now discounted by many, notably by Sadie Hawkins in her book *The Myth of the Renaissance* (de La Bédoyère et al. 2006, 101)*.***</p>


</details><details id="bkmrk-no-author-or-date-li"><summary>No Author or Date</summary>

List the title of the work in quotation marks and use "n.d." for "no date."

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>**("Making the most of Generative AI," n.d.)**</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-two-or-more-authors--1"><summary>Two or More Authors with the Same Last Name</summary>

<span class="">When the reference list has works by authors with the same last name, include their first initial in the in-text citation</span>

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>**<span class="">(K. Thelen 2004)</span>**</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-multiple-works-by-th"><summary>Multiple Works by the Same Author in the Same Year</summary>

<span class="">If an author has published multiple works in the same year, alphabetise the titles in the reference list and then add a, b, c, etc. to the year</span>

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>**<span class="">(Sheringham 2010a)</span>**

**<span class="">(Sheringham 2010b)</span>**

</td></tr></tbody></table>


</details><details id="bkmrk-author%27s-name-appear-1"><summary>Author's Name Appears in the Sentence</summary>

If the author's name appears in the sentence, do not include the name again in the parentheses.

<p class="callout success">Thelen (2004, 271) argues that institutional evolution is deeply rooted in historical contexts.</p>

</details><details id="bkmrk-multiple-citations-t"><summary>Multiple Citations</summary>

To cite more than one reference in a single in-text citation, separate the references by semicolons. If the works are by the same author, use just the year and separate with a comma. See *CMOS 15.30* for details.

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>**(Thelen 2004; Gourevitch and Shinn 2005)**

**(Thelen 2004, 2006; Gourevitch and Shinn 2005)**

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details>##### Figures

<details id="bkmrk-artwork%2Fimages-image"><summary>Artwork/Images</summary>

Images should appear shortly after you mention them in your paper, should be numbered (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.), and should appear in the *List of Figures* of your research.

Chicago style also states that "a brief statement of the source of an illustration, known as a credit line, is usually appropriate." (*CMOS 3.29: Sources and permissions*) Chicago style does not prescribe the exact format of this statement. **The style does not require that images included in a paper be included in the reference list.**

If you wish to include an image in your paper, BI requires at least the following information:

- **author or creator's name**
- **title, or brief description if no title exists**
- **year** (if available)
- **format** (plan, photo, diagram, oil on canvas, etc.), if not apparent
- **origin** (publication title, website, etc) 
    - **URL** (for online sources only)
- **date of access** (for online sources only)

Additional data that add context, such as a caption, are encouraged.

**Example**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>[![2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpeg](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/scaled-1680-/2020-09-18-bauhaus-dessau-werkstattfluegel-ecke-2.jpeg)](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/2020-09-18-bauhaus-dessau-werkstattfluegel-ecke-2.jpeg)</td></tr><tr><td><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><sup>Figure 1. The Bauhaus building in<bdi> Dessau, </bdi><bdi>Gunnar Klack</bdi>*<bdi>, Bauhaus Dessau, Gropiusallee Ecke Bauhausstraße, Dessau-Roßlau, Werkstättenflügel Foto aus Richtung Südosten, </bdi>*<bdi>2020, Wikimedia Commons, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg). CC BY-SA 4.0.</bdi></sup></span> </td></tr></tbody></table>

---

<span style="color: #000000;">In the example above the following elements:</span>

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span style="font-size: 0.8em; vertical-align: super;">Figure 1. </span><sup><span style="color: rgb(45, 194, 107);">The Bauhaus building in</span></sup><bdi style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: super;"><span style="color: rgb(45, 194, 107);"> Dessau,</span> </bdi><sup><span style="color: rgb(224, 62, 45);"><bdi>Gunnar Klack</bdi></span></sup>*<bdi><span style="color: rgb(224, 62, 45);">,</span> <span style="color: rgb(185, 106, 217);">Bauhaus Dessau, Gropiusallee Ecke Bauhausstraße, Dessau-Roßlau, Werkstättenflügel Foto aus Richtung Südosten,</span> </bdi>*<bdi style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; vertical-align: super;"><span style="color: rgb(230, 126, 35);">2020, </span><span style="color: rgb(53, 152, 219);">Wikimedia Commons,</span> [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg). <span style="color: rgb(241, 196, 15);">CC BY-SA 4.0.</span></bdi></td></tr></tbody></table>

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">correspond to:</span>

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><sup><span style="color: rgb(241, 196, 15);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Figure 1</span>. Caption<bdi><span style="color: rgb(45, 194, 107);">,</span> </bdi><span style="color: rgb(224, 62, 45);"><bdi>Author/Creator</bdi></span>*<bdi><span style="color: rgb(224, 62, 45);">,</span> <span style="color: rgb(185, 106, 217);">Title,</span> </bdi>*<bdi><span style="color: rgb(230, 126, 35);">Date, </span><span style="color: rgb(53, 152, 219);">Publisher/website,</span> [URL](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2020-09-18-Bauhaus-Dessau-Werkstattfluegel-Ecke-2.jpg). License.</bdi></span></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>

</details>---

### Bibliography / References / Works-Cited

<details id="bkmrk-read-more-if-you-dec"><summary>Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)</summary>

<div id="bkmrk-ai-preamble">If you decide to incorporate generative AI tools into your work, it's crucial to carefully consider how you give credit to and cite the results generated by these tools in your content. **Make sure to consult with your instructor before integrating AI into your coursework to ensure compliance with guidelines and expectations.**</div><p class="callout info">**Note:** For more information about using generative AI tools in your research, see [Making the most of Generative AI (ChatGPT etc.)](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/how-to-search/page/making-the-most-of-generative-ai-chatgpt-etc).</p>

<p class="callout warning ">Please note that guidelines for working with generative AI are both new and changing quickly. It's always a good idea to check the website of the style guide for the latest information.</p>

---

[Chicago Manual of Style, Citing Content Developed or Generated by Artificial Intelligence](https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Documentation/faq0422.html), *Released in spring 2023*

In Chicago style, when citing AI-generated content, **acknowledge the AI tool as the author**. You can include a note or parenthetical citation without listing it in your bibliography. Currently, Chicago advises treating AI content like private conversations, as shareable links are not typically available. Mention the prompt details in the text or as a footnote, and use the date of content generation in your citation. Note that guidance may evolve with new AI features.

#### Format

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Author, Title, Publisher, Date, url for the tool.</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Example (if information about the prompt has been included within the text of your paper)**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. </td></tr></tbody></table>

**Example (including information about the prompt)**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>ChatGPT, response to "Provide step by step instructions on how to build a house," OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. </td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-book-%28single-"><summary>Books/eBooks</summary>

#### Book (single author)

Author’s Last name, First name. year of publication. *Title: Subtitle.* Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

<p class="callout success">Thelen, Kathleen. 2004. *How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany.* Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</p>

<div id="bkmrk--2"><div class="s-lib-box-content"><div class="  clearfix" id="bkmrk--3"></div></div></div>#### Book (two or three authors)

First author Last name, First name, and second author First name Last name. year of publication. *Title: Subtitle.* Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

<p class="callout success">Gourevitch, Peter, and James Shinn. 2005. *Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance.* New Jersey: Princeton University Press.</p>

#### Book (four or more authors)

First Author Last name, First name, remaining authors’ First name Last name. year of publication. *Title: Subtitle*. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.

<p class="callout success">De la Bédoyère, Camilla, Ihor Holubizky, Julia Kelly, Michael Kerrigan, James Mackay, William Matar, Tom Middlemos, Michael Robinson, and Iain Zaczek. 2006. *A Brief History of Art.* London: Flame Tree Publishing.  
</p>

#### eBooks

Author(s) Last name, First name. year of publication. *Title: Subtitle*, edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. url (if available)/database name/device/format.

<p class="callout success">Beaumont, Lesley A. 2012. *Childhood in Ancient Athens: Iconography and Social History*. London: Routledge. [https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucd/detail.action?docID=1114632](https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucd/detail.action?docID=1114632).</p>

---

<p class="callout info">**Note:** If a book is available in print and online you must cite the version of the book you consulted for your work. Access dates are only included if no publication date information is available. Also note that a place of publication may not be available for an e-book. If this is the case, write "n.p." ("no place") where you would have recorded the place of publication.</p>

<p class="callout info">**Note:** If you access your book on an eReader or other type of platform, insert that instead of the url (e.g. Kindle, Google Play Books, Apple Books etc.).  
</p>

<p class="callout info">**Note**: Where page numbers are not available or where they change depending on the device used to view the eBook, the CMOS, 17th Edition advises including chapter numbers or section headings instead. If a scanned version of an original book is available online to read, this version is preferable for citation.</p>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-in-text-citat-1"><summary>Book chapters</summary>

Author(s) Last name, First name Initial(s). year of publication. “Title of chapter.” In *Book Title*, edited by First name Last name, Pages. Place of publication: Publisher.

<p class="callout success">Sheringham, Michael. 2010. “Archiving.” In *Restless Cities*, edited by Matthew Beaumont and Gregory Dart, 10-24. London: Verso.</p>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-journal-artic"><summary>Journal articles</summary>

#### Journal article (single author)

Author(s) Last name, First name. year of publication. “Title of Article.” *Journal Title* Volume, Issue no. (month or season): pages.

<p class="callout success">Barber, Marcus. 2024. “Global Warming and the Political Ecology of Health: Emerging Crises and Systemic Solutions.” *The Australian Journal of Anthropology* 21, no. 3 (Winter): 390 – 391.</p>

#### Journal article (two or three authors)

First Author Last name, First name, remaining authors First name Last name. year of publication. “Title of Article.” *Journal Title* Volume, Issue no. (month or season): pages.

<p class="callout success">Morgan, Sylvia, Danny Carswell, and Lynda Lamore. 2010. “The Rise of Political Correctness in Post-War Britain.” *Twentieth Century Britain* 25, no. 3 (March): 412-416.</p>

#### Journal article (more than three authors)

First Author(s) Last name, First name, remaining authors First name Last name. year of publication. “Title of Article.” *Journal Title* Volume, Issue no.(month or season): pages.

<p class="callout success">Virtue, Simon, Holly Wright, Dale Diamond, and Sheila Murphy. 1943. “Was Mark Twain a Nihilist?” *American Literary Essays* 3, no. 88 (Winter): 13-27.</p>

#### eJournal article

Author(s) Last name, First name. year of publication. “Title of Article.” *Journal Title* Volume, Issue no. (month or season): Pages. DOI/URL/Database name.

<p class="callout success">Mulvin, Lynda, and Steven E. Sidebotham. 2004. "Roman Game Boards from Abu Sha'ar (Red Sea Coast, Egypt)." *Antiquity* 78, no. 301 (September): 602-617. [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00113250](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00113250).</p>

<p class="callout info">**Note:** 17th edition of the CMOS advises to only include an access date if no publication date is provided. This is a change from the 16th edition.</p>

<p class="callout info">**Note:** Month of publication only needs to be included where given in source citation.</p>

<p class="callout info">**Note:** For more than three authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, list only the first author, followed by et al., (“and others”). For more than ten authors, list the first seven in the bibliography followed by et al.. List only the first author followed by et al., in the footnote. </p>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-in-text-citat"><summary>Artworks/Images</summary>

<p class="callout info">Note: The 17th Edition of the CMOS states that paintings, sculptures and photographs can normally be simply cited in the text, so long as full source details are given. **A Bibliography entry is not a requirement.** (*CMOS 14.235: Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture*)</p>

Creator/Artist(s) Last name, First name. *Title*. date of creation/completion. Medium, Dimensions (dimensions conversion). Location of work. URL/Database name.

<p class="callout success">Gloag, Isobel. *The Woman with the Puppets*. 1915. Oil on canvas, 64.5 x 82.5 cm (25.39 x 32.48 in). Huge Lane Gallery, Dublin, Ireland. [http://emuseum.pointblank.ie/online\_catalogue/work-detail.php?objectid=619](http://emuseum.pointblank.ie/online_catalogue/work-detail.php?objectid=619).</p>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-in-text-citat-2"><summary>Webpage</summary>

Author Last name, First name. “Title of Web Page." Website name or Publishing organisation. Publication date or last modified date, year. Access date if no other date available. URL.

<p class="callout success">Hayden, Meadhbh. “My Tips for Swimming in the Irish Sea." SpunOut.ie. February 23, 2021. [https://spunout.ie/voices/advice/my-tips-swimming-irish-sea](https://spunout.ie/voices/advice/my-tips-swimming-irish-sea).</p>

<p class="callout info">**Note:** If no author is available, publishing organisation can be used instead. If neither are available, list the web page title first. Use the first word to choose where to place the reference in your alphabetical listing. Ignore articles such as “A”, “The” or “An” when choosing the location.</p>

<p class="callout info">**Note:** Only provide an access date, if date published or last modified dates are unavailable.</p>

<p class="callout info">**Note:** Publishing organisation does not need to be included if it is the same body as the website name/title/author, as in the case above.</p>

</details>---

<sup>Thanks to the following sources for providing partial inspiration/content for this page: [Concordia University Chicago, Klinck Memorial Library](https://libguides.cuchicago.edu/citation/chicago) and [UCD Library - University College Dublin.](https://libguides.ucd.ie/chicagostyle/introduction)</sup>

# Citation Management Software

### What is citation management software?

> A reference manager supports researchers in performing three basic research steps: **searching, storing, and writing** \[...\]. It helps researchers find relevant literature, allows them to store papers and their bibliographic metadata in a personal database for later retrieval, and allows researchers to insert citations and references in a chosen citation style when writing a text.
> 
> <sup>[Fenner, Martin, Kaja Scheliga, and Sönke Bartling. ‘Reference Management’. In *Opening Science*, edited by Sönke Bartling and Sascha Friesike, 125–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8\_8.](https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/28008/1001989.pdf?sequence=1#page=129)</sup>

Citation managers can save researchers a lot of time, as well as help to reduce mistakes and avoid plagiarism.

- **Collecting Research**
    - Citation managers allow users to gather research materials from various sources. They can automatically save data from webpages, capture journal articles, and import PDFs directly into the library.
- **Organizing Information**
    - Researchers can organize their references using folders, tags, and notes. This helps in keeping track of important information and categorizing research materials for easier access.
- **Annotating Sources**
    - Citation managers provide tools for annotating and adding notes to documents within their library, which can be crucial for reviewing literature and making notes for future reference.
- **Citing Sources**
    - The software integrates with word processors like Microsoft Word, allowing for the easy insertion of citations and bibliographies in various styles, which is essential for writing research papers.

---

### Zotero

<table border="1" id="bkmrk-%C2%A0-zotero-is-a-popula" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 23.8708%;">[![Zotero_icon.png](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/uploads/images/gallery/2022-03/scaled-1680-/zotero-icon.png)](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/uploads/images/gallery/2022-03/zotero-icon.png)

</td><td style="width: 76.1292%;">[Zotero](https://www.zotero.org) is a popular free and open-source option among researchers that offers many features as well as extensions.

##### [Using Zotero: A Sequenced Tutorial](https://oakland.libguides.com/using_zotero/tutorial)

</td></tr></tbody></table>