# Citation Examples: APA

<p class="callout warning">It is recommended to use **[Citation Management Software](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/citations/page/citation-management-software)** such as **Zotero** to store your sources and generate bibliographies.</p>

### Overview

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[APA: How to Cite ChatGPT ](https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt)*Released April 7, 2023*

When including AI-generated content in your academic work using APA style, treat it as a product of an algorithm. Attribute authorship to the organisation that developed the AI model (e.g., credit OpenAI for ChatGPT).

Guidelines for APA Style Referencing in Undergraduate Assignments:

1. **In-Text Citations and Reference List:**
    
    
    - In-text citations are necessary for direct mentions of AI-generated content.
    - In the reference list, attribute authorship to the organisation behind the AI model.
2. **Integration into Research Description:**
    
    
    - Explain the use of AI tools in your research in the introduction or methods section.
    - Provide details about the prompts used to interact with the AI.
3. **Handling Text Passages:**
    
    
    - For brief AI-generated excerpts, incorporate them directly into your paper.
    - For longer responses, include relevant portions in the main text or direct readers to an appendix or online supplement for the complete content.

Following these guidelines ensures proper acknowledgment and referencing of AI-generated content in your academic writing.

**Format**

Author. (Date). *Name of tool* (Version of tool) \[Large language model\]. URL

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(OpenAI, 2023)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>OpenAI. (2023). *ChatGPT* (Mar 14 version) \[Large language model\]. [https://chat.openai.com/chat](https://chat.openai.com/chat)</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-book%2Febook-%28s"><summary>Books</summary>

#### Book/eBook (single author)

Author. (Year). *Title* (Edition). Publisher. DOI or URL.

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Kuhlmann, 2021)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Kuhlmann, S. (2021). *Public administration in germany*. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8.</td></tr></tbody></table>

##### eBooks and DOIs

<p class="callout info">If a book has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), add this to the end of the reference. If the article does not have a DOI but does have an accessible URL, include this at the end of the reference instead. You can check to see if the book you are referencing has a DOI at [Crossref](https://search.crossref.org/).</p>

<div id="bkmrk--1"><div class="s-lib-box-content"><div class="  clearfix" id="bkmrk--2"></div></div></div>#### Book/eBook (two authors)

For sources with two authors, include both surnames in your in-text citation and full reference, maintaining the source's name order:

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Smith &amp; Johnson, 2015, p.8)

</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Smith, A., &amp; Johnson, B. (2015). Strategies for Effective Business Management. Business Press.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Book/eBook (three to twenty authors)

For sources with three to twenty authors, cite the first author followed by 'et al' in the in-text citation. List all authors in the full reference, separating them with commas and using an ampersand before the last one:

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Jones et al., 2019)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Jones, M., Davis, R., Clark, P., &amp; Brown, S. (2019). Enhancing Leadership Skills in Business Education. Journal of Business Education, 12(3), 245-260.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Book/eBook (more than twenty authors)

For sources with more than twenty authors, include only the first author followed by 'et al' in the in-text citation. List the first 19 authors in the full reference, separated by commas, followed by an ellipsis (...) and the final author:

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Williams et al., 2020)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Williams, C., Adams, E., Turner, G., Harris, M., Miller, J., Moore, K., ...Taylor, R. (2020). Innovations in Business Research. Business Journal, 8, 112-125.</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-chapter-in-an"><summary>Book chapters</summary>

#### Chapter in an edited book

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Smith, 2020)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Smith, J. (2020). Innovations in Market Analysis. In K. Johnson &amp; R. Anderson (Eds.), *Business Trends: Navigating the Future* (3rd ed., pp. 112-135). Horizon Publications.</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-conference-pr"><summary>Conferences</summary>

#### Conference Presentation

- Author of paper.
- Year of publication in citation, and full dates of the conference in the reference.
- Title of presentation in italics, with description of presentation type in square brackets.
- Name of conference.
- Location.
- If a link to the video of the presentation is available, add this to the end of the reference.

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Bird, 2019)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Bird, N. (2019, May 15-17). Strategies for Business Innovation: Exploring the Dynamics of Corporate Dispositions \[Conference presentation\]. BizInnovate 2019, Virtual Conference.</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-author%2Frights"><summary>Data</summary>

- Author/Rights Holder.
- Year of publication.
- Title of dataset in italics.
- (Version number) and separate with a semi-colon.
- \[Description of form, e.g. Data set or Data set and code book\].
- Publisher.
- URL if available.

If you are citing published data, for example if it appears in a book or journal article, cite the publication rather than the data itself.

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(ABC Business Summit, 2009)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>ABC Business Summit. (2009). 2007 Business Insights Survey \[Data file and code book\]. ABC Publishing. [http://abcbusinesssummit.org/datasets/](http://abcbusinesssummit.org/datasets/)</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-author-%28surna"><summary>Journal articles</summary>

- Author (surname followed by initials).
- Year of publication (in round brackets).
- Title of article.
- Title of journal (in italics - capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for).
- Volume number (in italics) and, where applicable, part number, month, or season (in round brackets).
- Page numbers.
- DOI

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Smith, 2022)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Smith, J. (2022). Innovations in Business Strategies. International Business Symposium, 5(2), 45-56. [https://doi:10.1234/ibs2022/innovations](https://doi:10.1234)</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-creator.-year"><summary>Online video</summary>

**Format**

Creator. (Date). *Title*. \[Video\]. Site name. URL.

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(MadeUp Business Conference, 2020)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>MadeUp Business Conference. (2020). The MadeUp Business Conference experience. \[Video\]. YouTube. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA)</td></tr></tbody></table>

</details><details id="bkmrk-expand-corporate-or-"><summary>Webpage</summary>

**Format**

Corporate or individual author. (Date). *Title*. URL.

**In-text citation**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 99.9553%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 100%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>(Fictional Business Conference, 2021)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Reference**

<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100.028%;"><colgroup><col style="width: 99.8718%;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Fictional Business Conference. (2021, August 6). Updates on Business Innovations. [https://www.fictionalbusinessconference.com/updates-business-innovations](https://www.fictionalbusinessconference.com/updates-business-innovations)</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<sup>Thanks to the following sources for providing partial inspiration/content for this page: [University College London](https://library-guides.ucl.ac.uk/APA/7th-edition).</sup>