# Develop a Search Strategy and Find Sources ## Overview Searching for academic literature is different from using Google. A simple web search guesses what you mean; academic databases match your exact words. This means you must build a structured search strategy to ensure you find the most relevant literature without missing crucial studies. This guide outlines how to translate your research question into a database search.

**Writing a systematic literature review?** See our advanced guide on [Conducting Your Search](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/research-skills/page/conducting-your-search) for instructions on building complex concept blocks and testing search strings.

## Prerequisites Before building a search strategy, you must have completed: - Step 1: Defined your research question. - Step 2: Gathered background information and academic keywords. ## Step 1: Identify Your Key Concepts Do not type your entire research question into a library database. Instead, break it down into its core concepts (the most important nouns). Ignore instructional words (like "assess" or "describe") and relationship words (like "impact" or "effect"). **Example Research Question:** > "How do recent European Union regulations impact the marketing strategies of fast fashion retailers?" **Key Concepts:** - Concept 1: European Union regulations - Concept 2: Marketing strategies - Concept 3: Fast fashion ## Step 2: Brainstorm Alternative Search Terms Authors use different words to describe the same idea. If you only search for "fast fashion," you will miss articles that use the term "disposable clothing." For each concept, list synonyms, broader terms, and narrower terms.
Concept 1: RegulationsConcept 2: MarketingConcept 3: Fast Fashion
European UnionMarketing strategyFast fashion
EU lawAdvertisingDisposable clothing
LegislationPublic relationsUltra-fast fashion
PolicyBrandingApparel industry
### Using Truncation and Wildcards Save time by searching for multiple word endings at once using an asterisk (`*`). This is called truncation. - Searching for `market*` will find: *market*, *markets*, *marketing*, *marketers*. - Searching for `sustainab*` will find: *sustainable*, *sustainability*. ## Step 3: Combine Your Terms with Boolean Operators [![boolean operators](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/uploads/images/gallery/2022-02/scaled-1680-/s-andornot-1.png)](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/uploads/images/gallery/2022-02/s-andornot-1.png) Library databases use three commands—**AND**, **OR**, and **NOT**—to connect your search terms. These must usually be typed in ALL CAPS. 1. **OR (Expands your search):** Connects synonyms. It tells the database to find articles containing *any* of the words. - *Example:* "fast fashion" **OR** "apparel industry" 2. **AND (Narrows your search):** Connects different concepts. It tells the database to find articles containing *all* of the words. - *Example:* "fast fashion" **AND** marketing 3. **NOT (Excludes terms):** Removes irrelevant results. Use with caution, as it might remove good articles that happen to mention the excluded word. - *Example:* "fast fashion" **NOT** footwear ### Building the Search String Use brackets to group your synonyms (your **OR** terms) before connecting them with **AND**. > ("fast fashion" **OR** "apparel industry") **AND** (marketing **OR** advertising) **AND** ("European Union" **OR** EU) ## Step 4: Choose the Right Tool Now that you have a search string, you need to decide where to run it. Different tools hold different types of information. - **The Library OPAC (Catalogue):** Use this to find physical books, e-books, and architectural magazines held locally at BI. It is best for broad overviews and foundational theories. - **Academic Databases (e.g., EBSCO, JSTOR):** Use these to find peer-reviewed journal articles. They are essential for finding the most current, specific research, particularly for your BA thesis. - **Google Scholar:** A useful supplement to library databases, but it lacks the advanced filtering options of EBSCO and may hit paywalls. (If you hit a paywall, always check if the BI Library has access).

**Library Access:** Remember to use the [EZProxy Bookmarklet](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/journals-journal-articles/page/bau-ezproxy-bookmarklet) to access paywalled articles from off-campus.

## Step 5: Search, Review, and Adjust (Iterative Searching) Searching is an iterative process. You will rarely get perfect results on your first try. - **Too many results?** Add another concept using **AND**, or use database filters to limit the publication date (e.g., the last 5 years) or language. - **Too few results?** Remove a concept, or add more synonyms using **OR**. - **Wrong results?** Review the titles and abstracts of the first few results. Look for the keywords the authors used, add them to your search strategy, and try again. ## Using Generative AI to Design Searches Generative AI can help you brainstorm synonyms and structure your Boolean strings. You can prompt an AI with: "I am researching the impact of EU regulations on fast fashion marketing. Generate a list of academic synonyms for these concepts and format them into a Boolean search string." Always review the AI's string before using it, as it may include unnecessary punctuation or overly complex terms. For more guidance, see [Enhancing Search Queries with AI](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/link/61#bkmrk-enhancing-search-que). ## Next Steps Once you have found a selection of relevant books and articles, you must evaluate them for academic credibility before deciding to use them in your writing. **Continue to:** [How to evaluate academic sources](https://libguides.berlin-international.de/books/the-research-process/page/evaluate-your-sources "Evaluate Your Sources") --- Adapted from *My Learning Essentials* resources developed by the University of Manchester Library and licensed under CC BY-NC 3.0.