Citation Examples: APA

Note: For more information about using generative AI tools in your research, see Making the most of Generative AI (ChatGPT etc.).

Please note that guidelines for working with generative AI are both new and changing quickly. It's always a good idea to check the website of the style guide for the latest information.

Chicago Manual of Style, Citing Content Developed or Generated by Artificial Intelligence, Released in spring 2023

In Chicago style, when citing AI-generated content, acknowledge the AI tool as the author. You can include a note or parenthetical citation without listing it in your bibliography. Currently, Chicago advises treating AI content like private conversations, as shareable links are not typically available. Mention the prompt details in the text or as a footnote, and use the date of content generation in your citation. Note that guidance may evolve with new AI features.

Format

Example (if information about the prompt has been included within the text of your paper)

Example (including information about the prompt)

If you decide to incorporate generative AI tools into your assignments, academic projects, or any written work you plan to publish, it's crucial to carefully consider how you give credit to and cite the results generated by these tools in your content. Make sure to consult with your instructor before integrating AI into your coursework to ensure compliance with guidelines and expectations.

Please note that guidelines for working with generative AI are both new and changing quickly. It's always a good idea to check the website of the style guide for the latest information.

APA: How to Cite ChatGPT Released April 7, 2023

When including AI-generated content in your academic work using APA style, treat it as a product of an algorithm. Attribute authorship to the organization that developed the AI model (e.g., credit OpenAI for ChatGPT).

Guidelines for APA Style Referencing in Undergraduate Assignments:

1. In-Text Citations and Reference List:

   • In-text citations are necessary for direct mentions of AI-generated content.
   • In the reference list, attribute authorship to the organization behind the AI model.

2. Integration into Research Description:

   • Explain the use of AI tools in your research in the introduction or methods section.
   • Provide details about the prompts used to interact with the AI.

3. Handling Text Passages:

   • For brief AI-generated excerpts, incorporate them directly into your paper.
   • For longer responses, include relevant portions in the main text or direct readers to an appendix or online supplement for the complete content.

Following these guidelines ensures proper acknowledgment and referencing of AI-generated content in your academic writing.

Format

Author. (Date). Name of tool (Version of tool) [Large language model]. URL

Example

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

In-Text Citation Example

(OpenAI, 2023)

Book/eBook (single author)

Author. (Year). Title (Edition). Publisher. DOI or URL.

In-text citation

(Author, Year)

Reference

eBooks and DOIs

If a book has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), add this to the end of the reference. If the article does not have a DOI but does have an accessible URL, include this at the end of the reference instead. You can check to see if the book you are referencing has a DOI at Crossref.

Book/eBook (two authors)

For sources with two authors, include both surnames in your in-text citation and full reference, maintaining the source's name order:

In-text citation

(Smith & Johnson, 2015, p.8) 

Reference

Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2015). Strategies for Effective Business Management. Business Press.

Book/eBook (three to twenty authors)

For sources with three to twenty authors, cite the first author followed by 'et al' in the in-text citation. List all authors in the full reference, separating them with commas and using an ampersand before the last one:

In-text citation

(Jones et al., 2019) 

Reference

Jones, M., Davis, R., Clark, P., & Brown, S. (2019). Enhancing Leadership Skills in Business Education. Journal of Business Education, 12(3), 245-260.

Book/eBook (more than twenty authors)

For sources with more than twenty authors, include only the first author followed by 'et al' in the in-text citation. List the first 19 authors in the full reference, separated by commas, followed by an ellipsis (...) and the final author:

In-text citation

(Williams et al., 2020)

Reference

Williams, C., Adams, E., Turner, G., Harris, M., Miller, J., Moore, K., ...Taylor, R. (2020). Innovations in Business Research. Business Journal, 8, 112-125.

Chapter in an edited book

Smith, J. (2020). Innovations in Market Analysis. In K. Johnson & R. Anderson (Eds.), Business Trends: Navigating the Future (3rd ed., pp. 112-135). Horizon Publications.

In-text citation

(Smith, 2020)

Reference

Smith, J. (2020). Innovations in Market Analysis. In K. Johnson & R. Anderson (Eds.), Business Trends: Navigating the Future (3rd ed., pp. 112-135). Horizon Publications.

Conference Presentation

• Author of paper.
• Year of publication in citation, and full dates of the conference in the reference.
• Title of presentation in italics, with description of presentation type in square brackets. 
• Name of conference.
• Location.
• If a link to the video of the presentation is available, add this to the end of the reference.

In-text citation

(Bird, 2019)

Reference

Bird, N. (2019, May 15-17). Strategies for Business Innovation: Exploring the Dynamics of Corporate Dispositions [Conference presentation]. BizInnovate 2019, Virtual Conference.

• Author/Rights Holder.
• Year of publication.
• Title of dataset in italics.
• (Version number) and separate with a semi-colon.
• [Description of form, e.g. Data set or Data set and code book].
• Publisher.
• URL if available.

If you are citing published data, for example if it appears in a book or journal article, cite the publication rather than the data itself. 

In-text citation

(ABC Business Summit, 2009)

Reference

ABC Business Summit. (2009). 2007 Business Insights Survey [Data file and code book]. ABC Publishing. http://abcbusinesssummit.org/datasets/

• Author (surname followed by initials).
• Year of publication (in round brackets).
• Title of article.
• Title of journal (in italics - capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for).
• Volume number (in italics) and, where applicable, part number, month, or season (in round brackets).
• Page numbers.
• DOI 

In-text citation

(Smith, 2022)

Reference

Smith, J. (2022). Innovations in Business Strategies. International Business Symposium, 5(2), 45-56. https://doi:10.1234/ibs2022/innovations

• Creator.
• Year (and date if applicable) created or uploaded.
• Title video (in italics).
• [Video].
• Site name and URL of the video.

In-text citation

(MadeUp Business Conference, 2020)

Reference

MadeUp Business Conference (2020). The MadeUp Business Conference experience. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA

• Corporate or individual author.
• Date (in round brackets).
• Title (in italics).
• URL.

In-text citation

(Fictional Business Conference, 2021)

Reference

Fictional Business Conference. (2021, August 6). Updates on Business Innovations. https://www.fictionalbusinessconference.com/updates-business-innovations