Citation Examples: Chicago

Please note that guidelines for working with generative AI are both new and changing quickly. It's always a good idea to check the website of the style guide for the latest information.

Chicago Manual of Style, Citing Content Developed or Generated by Artificial Intelligence, Released in spring 2023

In Chicago style, when citing AI-generated content, acknowledge the AI tool as the author. You can include a note or parenthetical citation without listing it in your bibliography. Currently, Chicago advises treating AI content like private conversations, as shareable links are not typically available. Mention the prompt details in the text or as a footnote, and use the date of content generation in your citation. Note that guidance may evolve with new AI features.

Format

Author, Title, Publisher, Date, url for the tool.  

Example (if information about the prompt has been included within the text of your paper)

Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. 

Example (including information about the prompt)

ChatGPT, response to "Provide step by step instructions on how to build a house," OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. 

Book (single author)

In-text citation

Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

"There is a consistently high correlation between the voting patterns of parents and the eventual voting patterns of their children, as demonstrated by Miller and Hastings."²

Footnote

 #. Author's First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page.                      

 2. Kathleen Thelen, How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 271.

Reference

Author’s Last name, First name. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication.

Thelen, Kathleen. How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Book (two or three authors)

In-text citation

Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

The Seattle Advertiser made some startling claims about interventions by corporate interests in the 2004 mayoral election.¹

Footnote

 #. First author First name Last name and second author First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), Page.                     

 1. Peter Gourevitch and James Shinn, Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2005), 59.

Reference

First author Last name, First name, and second author First name Last name. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Gourevitch, Peter, and James Shinn. Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Book (more than three authors)

In-text citation

Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

The theory that the Renaissance marked a radical break with previous history is now discounted by many, notably by Sadie Hawkins in her book The Myth of the Renaissance.³

Footnote

#. First author First name Last name et al., Title: Subtitle (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication), Page.

 3. Camilla de La Bédoyère et al., A Brief History of Art (London: Flame Tree Publishing, 2006), 101.

Reference

First Author Last name, First name, remaining authors’ First name Last name. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

De la Bédoyère, Camilla, Ihor Holubizky, Julia Kelly, Michael Kerrigan, James Mackay, William Matar, Tom Middlemos, Michael Robinson, and Iain Zaczek. A Brief History of Art. London: Flame Tree Publishing, 2006.

In-text citation

Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

Hartmann and Henderson have argued that the rate of infant mortality in fifth-century Athens has been considerably overestimated.³

Footnote

 #. Author(s) First name Last name, Title: Subtitle (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Edition. url (if available)/database name/device/format.

3. Lesley A. Beaumont, Childhood in Ancient Athens: Iconography and Social History  (London: Routledge, 2012), https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucd/detail.action?docID=1114632.

Reference

Author(s) Last name, First name. Title: Subtitle, edition . Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. url (if available)/database name/device/format.

Beaumont, Lesley A. Childhood in Ancient Athens: Iconography and Social History. London: Routledge, 2012. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucd/detail.action?docID=1114632.

Note: If a book is available in print and online you must cite the version of the book you consulted for your work. Access dates are only included if no publication date information is available. Also note that a place of publication may not be available for an e-book. If this is the case, write "n.p." ("no place") where you would have recorded the place of publication.

Note: If you access your book on an eReader or other type of platform, insert that instead of the url (e.g. Kindle, Google Play Books, iBooks etc.).

Note: Where page numbers are not available or where they change depending on the device used to view the eBook, the CMOS, 17th Edition advises including chapter numbers or section headings instead. If a scanned version of an original book is available online to read, this version is preferable for citation.

In-text citation

Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

According to Michael Sheringham in Restless Cities, the rubbish or waste of a city can be seen as a sort of archive.²

Footnote

#. First Author(s) First name Initials Last name, “Title of Chapter,” in Book Title, ed. First name Initials Last name of editor (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication), Page.

2. Michael Sheringham, “Archiving,” in Restless Cities, ed. Matthew Beaumont and Gregory Dart (London: Verson, 2010), 9.

Reference

Author(s) Last name, First name Initial(s). “Title of chapter.” In Book Title, edited by First name Last name, Pages. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Sheringham, Michael. “Archiving.” In Restless Cities, edited by Matthew Beaumont and Gregory Dart, 10-24. London: Verso, 2010.

Journal Article (single author)

In-text citation

Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

In this piece the concepts of justice, democracy and sustainability are explored in relation to climate change and health.¹

Footnote

#. Author(s) First name Last name, “Title of Article,” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (Year): Page.                    

1. Marcus Barber, “Global Warming and the Political Ecology of Health: Emerging Crises and Systemic Solutions,” The Australian Journal of Anthropology 21, no. 3 (2010): 390.

Reference

Author(s) Last name, First name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (Month Year): pages.

Barber, Marcus. “Global Warming and the Political Ecology of Health: Emerging Crises and Systemic Solutions.” The Australian Journal of Anthropology 21, no. 3 (2010): 390 – 391.

Journal Article (two or three authors)

In-text citation

Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

Morgan, Carswell, and Lamore argue that accusations of political correctness increase at times of economic insecurity.³

Footnote

#. Author(s) First name Last name, “Title of Article,” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (Year): Page.

 3. Brendan Boyd, Laurence Teale, and Kai Takuma, “Where to Now for New Age Travellers?,” Sociology of Subcultures 9, no. 1 (1997): 13.

Reference

First Author Last name, First name, remaining authors First name Last name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (Year): pages.

Morgan, Sylvia, Danny Carswell, and Lynda Lamore. “The Rise of Political Correctness in Post-War Britain.” Twentieth Century Britain 25, no. 3 (2010): 412-416.

Journal Article (more than three authors)

In-text citation

Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

Virtue et al. have traced the dialectic between romanticism and anti-romanticism in Twain's thought.³

Footnote

#. Author(s) First name Last name et al., “Title of Article,” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (Month Year): Page.

 3. Camilla de La Bédoyère et al., A Brief History of Art (London: Flame Tree Publishing, 2006), 101.

Reference

First Author(s) Last name, First name, remaining authors First name Last name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (Month Year): pages.

Virtue, Simon, Holly Wright, Dale Diamond, and Sheila Murphy. “Was Mark Twain a Nihilist?” American Literary Essays 3, no. 88 (1943): 13-27.

eJournal article

In-text citation

Use a superscript number (like this: ¹) in the text at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

Sanderson estimates that most surviving game boards show evidence of at least five years' use.³

Footnote

#. Author(s) First name Last name, “Title of Article,” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (Month  Year): page, doi/url/database name.

3. Lynda Mulvin and Steven E. Sidebotham, “Roman Game Boards from Abu Sha'ar (Red Sea Coast, Egypt),” Antiquity 78, no. 301 (2004): 604, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00113250. 

Reference

Author(s) Last name, First name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (Month Year): Pages. DOI/URL/Database name.

Mulvin, Lynda,  and Steven E. Sidebotham. "Roman Game Boards from Abu Sha'ar (Red Sea Coast, Egypt)." Antiquity 78, no. 301 (2004): 602-617. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00113250.

Note: 17th edition of the CMOS advises to only include an access date if no publication date is provided. This is a change from the 16th edition.

Note: Month of publication only needs to be included where given in source citation.

Note: For more than three authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, list only the first author, followed by et al., (“and others”). For more than ten authors, list the first seven in the bibliography followed by et al.. List only the first author followed by et al., in the footnote.